The results can potentially be misleading. ![]() Essentially, SPSS treats the missing values of v2 as zeroes. When SPSS encounters a missing value in any of the v2 cases, it ignores it and sets v3 equal to v1. The resulting index variable v3 has ten cases and no missing values. Use the following syntax to add the two variables and create an index, v3: While v1 has ten valid cases with no missing values, v2 has eight valid cases and two missing values. For example, suppose two variables ( v1 and v2) sum to create an index variable ( v3). However, problems can arise when trying to exclude missing cases and estimate results based only on observations with complete information. SPSS will correctly estimate the mean with the MEAN() function by using all non-missing values. ![]() SPSS will not automatically drop observations with missing values, but instead it will exclude cases with missing values from the calculations. ![]() Statistical functions in SPSS, such as SUM(), MEAN(), and SD(), perform calculations using all available cases. If the SUM() and MEAN() functions keep cases with missing values in SPSS
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